The Dynamics of Islamic Civilization during the Time of Caliph Umar bin Khattab: An Integrative Analysis of the Systems of Government, Law, Economy, and Education

Abstract

This article aims to analyze the development of Islamic civilization during the time of Caliph Umar bin Khattab by examining various policies implemented in the fields of government, economics, law and social welfare. This research uses qualitative methods with a historical approach through literature study. Data was obtained from various books, articles and scientific journals published within the last ten years as well as relevant historical sources. The results of the research show that: (1) Umar bin Khattab succeeded in expanding the territory of Islamic rule to include Persia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt and Iraq, thus strengthening Islam's position as a political power and world civilization; (2) Umar carried out reforms in the government system through the establishment of Baitul Mal, Diwan, a state administration system, and the establishment of the Hijri calendar which increased the effectiveness of government governance; (3) in the economic sector, Umar implemented a wealth distribution policy oriented towards community welfare through the management of zakat, kharaj, jizyah and ghanimah; (4) in the legal field, Umar developed the practice of ijtihad to answer various social problems that emerged along with the development of Islamic society without ignoring the principles of sharia; and (5) the development of education and the dissemination of knowledge through mosques as centers of learning helped strengthen Islamic civilization in new regions. The novelty of this article lies in the analysis that integrates aspects of government, economics, law, and education in explaining the development of Islamic civilization during the time of Umar bin Khattab based on a study of contemporary scientific literature.