“The Dynamics of Islamic Civilization During the Time of Caliph Umar Bin Khattab: An Integrative Analysis of the Systems of Government, Law, Economy, and Education”. Indonesian Journal of Religious 1, no. 2 (July 1, 2026): 117–134. Accessed September 17, 2026. https://ejournal.scedui.com/index.php/ijremi/article/view/991.